Grandes Exitos Contemporáneos 1: La Selección de Charles Jencks

Cualquier compilado, por más valor que tenga, no deja de ser la selección subjetiva de un material cuasi infinito, ordenado forzosamente bajo premisas dudosas, recortado arbitrariamente y ubicado fuera de todo contexto. Pero para el extranjero en el tema, es un principio de conocimiento, una detección de posibles puertas que podrá transgedir impulsado por la ansiedad que desde allí se genere. Es mejor que la nada y siempre un buen acompañante a tanto impacto gráfico que nos domina. En primera persona, los impulsores de las ideas con fundamento más exitosas de las últimas décadas nos cuentan el porqué de sus proyectos . De utilidad obligatoria para comprender nuestra época, y el huracán que la generó. Imperdible trabajo. A modo de muestra: un texto del gran ing. Peter Rice, de nuestro amigo Peter Eisenman y el índice de textos. Charles Jencks + Karl Kropf. Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture. West Sussex, 1997, Academy Editions PETER RICE The Role of the Engineer 1994 To call an engineer an `architect engineer because he comes up with unusual or original solutions is essentially to misunderstand the role of the engineer in society. It is easiest to explain the difference between the engineer and others by comparing how each works and what they do. Designers such as the famous car stylists, like Pininfarina, or Giugiaro, work essentially by seeking to understand how they respond to the context and the essential elements of the problem: their response is essentially subjective. Different architects will respond very differently to the same problem. Their solutions will reflect their style preference and their general belief in an appropriate response to a problem ... The engineer when faced with a design challenge will transform it into one which can be tackled objectively. As an example, the engineer might seek to change the problem into the exploration of how to exploit a particular material completely within the context of architecture. Thus the Lloyds building became an exploration of the use and properties of concrete. And the engineers contribution was to try and make the structure an essay on expression in the use of concrete. But it was the properties of concrete which motivated the search and the solution. Similarly at the La Villette `greenhouses in Paris. The architect defined the architectural intention, and the engineer transformed the simple architectural statement into an essay on the nature of transparency and of how to use the physical properties of glass to convey fully the concept of transparence. As an engineer I worked essentially with glass. It was the properties of the material which motivated the development of the design. Thus although we can say that there was originality and aesthetic choice in the way that the design developed, this way forward was directed by the need to express the properties of glass in full. I would distinguish the difference between the engineer and the architect by saying the architects response is primarily creative, whereas the engineers is essentially inventive ... This is the positive role for the engineers genius and skill: to use their understanding of materials and structure to make real the presence of the materials in use in the building, so that people warm to them, want to touch them, feel a sense of the material itself and of the people who made and designed it. To do this we have to avoid the worst excesses of the industrial hegemony, to maintain the feeling that it was the designer, and not industry and its available options, that decided; is one essential ingredient of seeking a tactile, trace de le main solution. A building does not have to be made of brick or stone to achieve this, but rather it is the honesty and immediacy in the use of its principal materials which determines its tactile quality. That was the essential reason for the use of cast steel in Beaubourg .. . This then is a noble role that the engineer can assume - the role of controlling and taming industry. The building industry has an enormous investment in the status quo and, like lago, will use every argument to demonstrate that other choices are irrational and not very sensible. Only the engineer can withstand these arguments, demonstrate the wrongness of the position of industry and demolish its arguments. In this scenario, the engineer becomes critical and can save his soul. In general, though, the most powerful way that an engineer can contribute to the work of architects is by exploring the nature of the materials and using that knowledge to produce a special quality in the way materials are used ... PETER EISENMAN, The End of the Classical: the End of the End, the End of the Beginning, 1984 Making more explicit use of literary theory, in particular that of jacques DerridA (with whom he collaborated on the Choral Works in 1988), Eisenman presents in this essay a heated polemic against the Classical and Humanist paradigms in architecture. In their place he posits architecture as fiction, free from the weight of past or future. The Not-Classical: Architecture as Fiction What can be the model for architecture when the essence of what was effective in the classical model - the presumed rational value of structure, representations, methodologies of origins and ends, and deductive processes - has been shown to be a simulation? It is not possible to answer such a question with an alternative model. But a series of characteristics can be proposed that typify this aporia, this loss in our capacity to conceptualize a new model for architecture. These characteristics, outlined below, arise from that which can not be, they form a structure of absences. The purpose in proposing them is not to reconstitute what has just been dismissed, a model for a theory of architecture - for all such models are ultimately futile. Rather what is being proposed is an expansion beyond the limitations presented by the classical model to the realization of architecture as an independent discourse, free of external values - classical or any other; that is, the intersection of the meaning free, the arbitrary, and the timeless in the artificial. The meaning-free, arbitrary, and timeless creation of artificiality in this sense must be distinguished from what Baudrillard has called `simulation: it is not an attempt to erase the classical distinction between reality and representation - thus again making architecture a set of conventions simulating the real; it is, rather, more like a dissimulation. Whereas simulation attempts to obliterate the difference between real and imaginary, dissimulation leaves untouched the difference between reality and illusion. The relationship between dissimulation and reality is similar to the signification embodied in the mask: the sign of pretending to be not what one is - that is, a sign which seems not to signify anything besides itself (the sign of a sign, or the negation of what is behind it). Such a dissimulation in architecture can be given the provisional title of the not-classical. As dissimulation is not the inverse, negative, or opposite of simulation, a not-classical architecture is not the inverse, negative, or opposite of classical architecture; it is merely different from or other than. A not-classical architecture is no longer a certification of experience or a simulation of history, reason or reality in the present. Instead, it may more appropriately be described as an other manifestation, an architecture as is, now as a fiction. It is a representation of itself, of its own values and internal experience ... The End of the Beginning While classical origins were thought to have their source in a divine or natural order and modern origins were held to derive their value from deductive reason, `not-classical origins can be strictly arbitrary, simply starting points, without value. They can be artificial and relative, as opposed to natural, divine, or universal. Such artificially determined beginnings can be free of universal values because they are merely arbitrary points in time, when the architectural process commences. One example of an artificial origin is a graft, as in the genetic insertion of an alien body into a host to provide a new result ... A graft is not in itself genetically arbitrary. Its arbitrariness is in its freedom from a value system of non-arbitrariness (that is, the classical). It is arbitrary in its provision of a choice of reading which brings no external value to the process... The End of the End Along with the end of the origin, the second basic characteristic of a not-classical architecture, therefore, is its freedom from a priori goals or ends - the end of the end ... With the end of the end, what was formerly the process of composition or transformation ceases to be a causal strategy, a process of addition or subtraction from an origin. Instead the process becomes one of modification - the invention of a non-dialectical, non-directional, non-goal oriented process ... This suggests the idea of architecture as writing as opposed to architecture as image. What is being `written is not the object itself - its mass and volume - but the act of massing. This idea gives a metaphoric body to the act of architecture. It then signals its reading through another system of signs, called traces. Traces are not to be read literally, since they have no other value than to signal the idea that there is a reading event and that the reading should take place; trace signals the idea *_o read ... But further, knowing how to decode is no longer important; simply, language in this context is no longer a code to assign meanings (that this means that). The activity of reading is first and foremost in the recognition of something as a language (that it is). Reading, in this sense, makes available a level of indication rather than a level of meaning or expression. Therefore, to propose the end of the beginning and the end of the end is to propose the end of beginnings and ends of value - to propose an other `timeless space of invention. It is a timeless space in the present without a determining relation to an ideal future or to an idealized past. Architecture in the present is seen as a process of inventing an artificial past and a futureless present. It remembers a no-longer future. Indice de Textos Seleccionados INTRODUCTION CHARLES JENCKS The Volcano and the Tablet POST-MODERN 1955 JAMES STIRLING From Garches to Jaoul: Le Corbusieras Domestic Architect in 1927 and 1953 1956 JAMES STIRLING Ronchamp: Le Corbusiers Chapel and the Crisis of Rationalism 1960 KEVIN LYNCH The Image of the City 1961 N JOHN HABRAKEN Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing 1961 JANE JACOBS The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1962 ALDO VAN EYCK Team 10 Primer 1965 CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER A City is not a Tree 1965 CHRISTIAN NORBERG-SCHULZ Intentions in Architecture 1966 ALDO ROSSI The Architecture of the City 1966 ROBERT VENTURI Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture 1969 CHARLES JENCKS Semiology and Architecture 1970 GIANCARLO DE CARLO Architectures Public 1972 CHARLES JENCKS AND NATHAN SILVER Adhocism 1972 ROBERT VENTURI, DENISE SCOTT BROWN AND STEVEN IZENOUR Learning from Las Vegas 1975 CHARLES JENCKS The Rise of Post Modern Architecture 1975 ROB KRIER Urban Space 1975 COLIN ROWE AND FRED KOETTER Collage City 1975 JOSEPH RYKWERT Ornament is no Crime 1976 ALDO ROSSI An Analogical Architecture 1977 KISHO KUROKAWA Metabolism in Architecture 1977 KENT C BLOOMER AND CHARLES W MOORE Body, Memory and Architecture 1978 LEON KRIER Rational Architecture: The Reconstruction of the City 1978 ANTHONY VIDLER The Third Typology 1979 CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER The Timeless Way of Building 1980 DOLORES HAYDEN What Would a Non-sexist City Be Like? Speculations on Housing, Urban Design and Human Work 1980 CHARLES JENCKS Towards a Radical Eclecticism 1980 PAOLO PORTOGHESI The End of Prohibitionism 1980 SITE Notes on the Philosophy of SITE 1982 MICHAEL GRAVES A Case for Figurative Architecture 1982 OSWALD MATHIAS LINGERS Architecture as Theme 1983 KENNETH FRAMPTON Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance 1983 LUCIEN KROLL The Architecture of Complexity 1984 MEMPHIS The Memphis Idea 1987 KISHO KUROKAWA The Philosophy of Symbiosis 1989 STEVEN HOLL Anchoring 1991 FRANK 0 GEHRY On his own House III 1991 ITSUKO HASEGAWA Architecture as Another Nature 1991 ERIC OWEN MOSS Which Truth do You Want to Tell 1993 FRANK 0 GEHRY On The American Center, Paris: An Interview 1993 JEFFREY KIPNIS Towards a New Architecture: Folding 1993 GREG LYNN Architectural Curvilinearity: The Folded, the Pliant and the Supple 1996 ARATA ISOZAKI The Island Nation Aesthetic 1996 CHARLES JENCKS 13 Propositions of Post-Modern Architecture POST-MODERN ECOLOGY 1969 IAN MCHARG Design with Nature 1979 SIM VAN DER RYN AND STERLING BUNNELL Integral Design 1984 ANNE WHISTON SPIRN The Granite Garden 1984 NANCY JACK TODD AND JOHN TODD Bioshelters, Ocean Arks and City Farming: Ecology as the Basis of Design 1986 HASSAN FATHY Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture 1987 KENNETH YEANG Tropical Urban Regionalism 1990 CHRISTOPHER DAY Places of the Soul 1990 JAMES WINES Architects Statement 1991 TEAM ZOO/ATELIER ZO Principles of Design 1991 BRENDA AND ROBERT VALE Green Architecture 1992 WILLIAM M DONOUGH The Hannover Principles 1993 PETER CALTHORPE The Nest American Metropolis 1994 KENNETH YEANG Bioclimatic Skyscrapers 1996 SIM VAN DER RYN AND STUART COWAN Ecological Design TRADITIONAL 1969 HASSAN EATHY Architecture for the Poor 1976 ROBERT MAGUIRE The Value of Tradition 1977 DAVID WATKIN Morality and Architecture 1978 THE BRUSSELS DECLARATION Reconstruction of the European City 1980 MAURICE CULOT Reconstructing the City in Stone 1983 DEMETRI PORPHYRIOS Classicism is Not a Style 1984 LEON KRIER Building and Architecture 1984 ROBERT AM STERN On Style, Classicism and Pedagogy 1985 HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES RIBA Gala Speech 1986 ALEXANDER TZONIS & LIANE LEFAIVRE Critical Classicism: The Tragic Function 1987 HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES Mansion House Speech 1989 DUANY+PLATER-ZYBERK Traditional Neighbourhood Development Ordinance 1989 QUINLAN TERRY Architecture and Theology 1989 HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES A Vision of Britain 1992 THE URBAN VILLAGES GROUP Urban Villages 1994 ALLAN GREENBERG Why Classical Architecture is Modern 1994 ROGER SCRUTON Architectural Principles in an Age of Nihilism LATE MODERN 1954 PHILIP JOHNSON The Seven Crutches of Modern Architecture 1955 ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON AND THEO CROSBY The New Brutalism 1956 PAUL RUDOLPH The Six Determinants of Architectural Form 1960 REYNER BANHAM Theory and Design in the First Machine Age 1962 CEDRIC PRICE Activity and Change 1962 ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON Team 10 Primer 1964 CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER Notes on the Synthesis of Form 1964 ARCHIGRAM Universal Structure 1964 JOHN HEIDUK Statement 1964 FUMIHIKO MAXI The Megastructure 1966 SUPERSTUDIO Description of the Microevent/Microenvironment 1968 PETER COOK The Metamorphosis of an English Town (drawing) 1969 REYNER RANHAM The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment 1969 LOUIS I KAHN Silence and Light 1969 CEDRIC PRICE Non-Plan 1972 PETER EISENMAN Cardboard Architecture 1973 MANFREDO TAFURI Architecture and Utopia 1975 PHILIP JOHNSON What Makes Me Tick 1975 PIANO.ROGERS Statement 1976 LIONEL MARCH The Logic of Design and the Question of Value 1985 RICHARD ROGERS Observations on Architecture 1990 KENNETH FRAMPTON Rappel a lOrdre, the Case for the Tectonic 1991 TADAO ANDO Beyond Horizons in Architecture 1994 PETER RICE The Role of the Engineer 1994 IAN RITCHIE (Well) Connected Architecture NEW MODERN 1976 PETER HSENMAN Post-Functionalism 1977 BERNARD TSCHUMI The Pleasure of Architecture 1978 COOP HIMMELBLAU The Future of Splendid Desolation 1978 REM KOOLHAAS Delirious New York: A Retroar Live Manifesto for Manhattan 1979 DANIEL LIBESKIND End Space 1980 COOP HIMMELBLAU Architecture Must Blaze 1981 BERNARD TSCHUMI The Manhattan Transcripts 1982 ZAHA HADID Randomness vs Arbitrariness 1983 ZAHA HADID The Eighty-Nine Degrees 1983 DANIEL LIBESKIND Unoriginal Signs 1984 PETER EISENMAN The End of the Classical: The End of the End, the End of the Beginning 1986 JOHN HEIDUK Thoughts of an Architect 1988 COOP HIMMELBLAU The Dissipation of Our Bodies in the City 1988 JEFFREY KIPNIS Forms of Irrationality 1988 MARK WIGLEY Deconstructivist Architecture 1991 DANIEL LIBESKIND Upside Down X 1992 PETER EISENMAN Visions Unfolding: Architecture in the Age of Electronic Media 1993 WILL ALSOP Towards an Architecture of Practical Delight 1993 THOM MAYNE Connected Isolation 1993 LEBBEUS WOODS Manifesto 1994 REM KOOLHAAS What Ever Happened to Urbanism? 1994 REM KOOLHAAS Bigness: or the Problem of Large Editado por el arq. Martín Lisnovsky